Airways transport in India

AIRWAYS
Aeroplanes and helicopters are the fastest and the costliest means of transport.
The first aeroplane flew in December 1903. There are domestic and international airports in India. Some international airports are Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi, Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai, Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport in Kolkata.
Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Goa, Patna, Lucknow and Srinagar have large domestic airports in India.
Major airlines in our country are: Air India, Indian Airlines, Jet Airways, Vistara and IndiGo. People can travel long distances in a short time by airways.
In times of emergency, essential aid can be quickly sent through airways.

Waterways Transport in India

WATERWAYS
Waterways like boats have been in use since ancient times. They are the cheapest means of transport. Oceans, rivers, lakes and canals are some of the waterways. Our waterways are not fully developed. All Indian rivers are not fit for navigation in every season. Most peninsular rivers are seasonal and have water in the rainy or monsoon season. Due to this, boats cannot navigate in these rivers. Some of these rivers remain dry for most part of the year.
Today, only some stretches of the Ganga, Brahmaputra and Yamuna rivers are navigable and are used as inland waterways.
Passenger ships like steamer carry people and cargo ships transport goods. Petroleum, oil, etc.,are carried by tanker ships. Ferries take people across rivers daily.
Indian mainland has a 6,000 km long coastline. Important ports like Kandla, Mumbai, Kochi, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam and Kolkata are situated along the coastline.

Land transport in India

Land Transport
It is divided into roadways and railways.
Roadways:
Roads are made of coal-tar, gravel and cement. The metalled roads help us to travel in all weather conditions and in all seasons.
In our country, there are three major types of roads.
State Highways:
They connect important towns and cities within a state. State highways are essential for the development of cities because if the roads are in good condition and places are well connected, more industries can be set up and India well progress faster.
District Roads:
They connect rural areas to headquarters. Rural or village roads are mostly unmetalled (kutcha) roads.
Railways:
Railways are another important mode of land transport. In India, the first train ran between Mumbai and Thane in 1853. British Governor General, Lord Dalhousie was responsible for developing the railway network in India.
There are two types of trains- good trains and passenger trains. Almost all the big cities of India are linked with one another by railways.
Good Trains:
Good trains carry manufactured products and raw materials from one place to another. They also connect the ports and the inner towns of the region.
Passenger Trains:
In Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata, there are suburban train services. These trains are called local trains. India also has superfast trains like Rajdhani Express and Shatabdi Express which run on electricity. Recently, special trains called 'Garib Rath', 'Duronto Express', 'Double Decker Coaches' and 'Yuva Express' have been introduced.
Metro Train:
Kolkata, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Jaipur and Delhi have metro train services. These services will start in Chandigarh in 2018.
MMTS:
Multi Modular Transport services have been introduced in Hyderabad.

Transport and it's types

TRANSPORT
Transport can be defined as a system for carrying people or goods from one place to another using vehicles, roads, railways, airways, waterways etc.
 Need For Transportation
Transportation also plays an important role in trade and commerce. Industries are located in different parts of the world. They need raw material to produce finished goods and to send those finished goods to different markets.
Types Of Transportation
We know that there are three major types of transportation.

1. Land transport
2. Water transport
3. Air transport.

Agriculture and types of crops in India

AGRICULTURE
The practice of growing crop is called agriculture. It is the most important occupation of our country. About 58.9% of our population is engaged in agriculture which is why India is known as agricultural country. Agriculture is the basis of the development of human settlement and civilization. Agriculture provides food for people and raw materials for industries. Today, India ranks second in terms of agricultural output world wide.
TYPES OF CROPS
Farmers in India produce a variety of crops because we have a favourable climate  in agriculture, fertile soil and adequate monsoon rains.
In India, two types of crops are produced:

1. Food Crops 
2. Cash Crops

FOOD CROPS
Food crops are grown to feed people in the country. They form the staple diet of the people. Rice, wheat, pulses, millets and maize are the main food crops of India.
RICE:
Rice being a cereal grain is the staple food of the people living in the eastern and the coastal parts of India. Rice is a Kharif crop.

It grows well in hot and humid climate with plenty of rainfall. West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Andhara Pradesh and Kerala are the major rice producing states of India. India has the largest area under rice cultivation in the world. However, it is the world's second largest producer of rice after China.

WHEAT:
India is one of the main wheat producing and consuming countries of the world. Wheat is a rabi crop. It is the second most important food crop in India.

It grows well in a cool and wet climate. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat are the major wheat producing states.
MILLETS:
Millets include jowar, bajra and ragi. They are coarse grains. They are usually grown in areas where rice and wheat cannot be grown.

Parts of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Andhara Pradesh, Telangana and Tamil Nadu are the major millet producing areas.
PULSES:
Black gram, green gram and pigeon pea are pulses.

They are rich in proteins. They are grown in almost every part of India.
CASH CROPS
Cash crops are the crops that are grown for commercial purposes. They help farmers to earn money. Important cash crops of India are sugarcane, jute, cotton and oilseeds. Certain crops are grown in specific farms called plantations. They are called plantation crops. Tea, coffee, sugarcane and rubber are the main plantation crops in India.
SUGARCANE:
Sugarcane is used for making sugar and jaggery. It belongs to the bamboo family of plants. India is the largest producer of sugarcane in the world.

It requires fertile soil, hot and moist climate with plenty of water to grow. It is mainly grown in Uttar Pradesh followed by Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhara Pradesh and Telangana.
JUTE:
Jute is one of the most important natural fibers. It is called the 'golden fibre' and is used for making bags, sacks, carpets, ropes, etc. It grows well in hot and wet climate.

It needs lots of water and high temperature to grow.
The main jute producing states are West Bengal, Assam, Bihar and Odisha.
COTTON:
Cotton is called the 'king of fibres'. It is a leading commercial crop grown for its valuable fibre. Cotton is used for making cotton clothes.

It grows well in warm, sunny weather and in drier areas with black or alluvial soil. Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab are the major cotton producing states.
OILSEEDS:
Oilseeds include mustard, groundnut, sesame and sunflower. Oil is extracted from the oil seeds and is used in cooking.

They grow well in warm climate with moderate rainfall. They are grown in different parts of the country.
TEA:
Tea is one of the major cash crops of our country. India produces tea on a large scale.

In fact, India is one of the largest producer of tea in the world. Tea is the most popular beverage in India. It requires warm and wet climate. It is mostly grown in Assam, parts of West Bengal and the Nilgiri hills in the South.
COFFEE:
Coffee is mostly grown in Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

It requires cool weather and heavy rainfall.
SPICES:
Spices include pepper, chillies, clove, ginger and cardamom. They are grown in Kerala and Karnataka.
Besides the food crops and the cash crops, India also produces a variety of fruits and vegetables.

Role of industries in development

ROLE OF INDUSTRIES IN DEVELOPMENT
The growth of industries is very useful for the overall progress of a country. Industries help to make our lives comfortable. Indian industries are making all efforts to keep pace with the latest technology. India has emerged as one of the leaders in the fields of computer science, software development and space research.
Industries pollute air, soil, water and environment. Many developed countries have adopted cleaner methods of production through the use of hydroelectricity, wind and solar power. India has also taken many steps to reduce pollution levels and safe development of industries. For example, public transport vehicles in Delhi are running on CNG, not on petrol or diesel. Because of this effort, Delhi has become an eco-friendly and clean city. 

Major industrial centres in India

MAJOR INDUSTRIAL CENTRES IN INDIA
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Textile industry is the oldest industry of India. It produces cotton, silk, woollen and synthetic clothes. Textile industries are located in various cities of our country like Ahmedabad and Mumbai which are famous for cotton industries. Major silk textile mills are located in Bengaluru, Mysuru (Mysore), Varanasi, Titagarh and Howrah. Jute mills are located at Kolkata. Woollen textile industries are located at Ludhiana, Amritsar and Jalandhar.
CEMENT INDUSTRY
These are situated in Sindri, Satna and some places of Rajasthan.
India is the second largest producer of sugar in the world after Cuba. Sugar mills are located in the sugarcane producing states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra.
Railway locomotive or equipment industries are located in Kapurthala, Varanasi, Jamshedpur, Chittaranjan, Kolkata and Perambur.
AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRIES
These are located in Gurgaon, Faridabad, Kolkata, Chennai, Jabalpur, Sanand, Jamshedpur and Nashik.
ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES
These are located in Panchkula, Delhi, Lucknow, Pune, Mumbai, Chennai and Coimbatore.
SHIP-BUILDING INDUSTRIES
These are located at Kochi, Visakhapatnam, Marmugao, Mumbai and Kolkata.
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRIES
It was started by Jamshetji Tata in India in 1907 at Jamshedpur. It was the most suitable site for iron and steel industry. Steel industries that manufacture a variety of machines and other goods are located in Bokaro(SAIL), Durgapur, Asansol, Chennai and Jamshedpur.
Aeroplanes and aircrafts are made by public sector units in India. These are situated in Bengaluru, Lucknow, Nashim, Hyderabad and Kanpur.
ENGINEERING INDUSTRIES
These industries manufacture tractors, lumps, cranes, telephone and other machinery are found in Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru and Ranchi.
OIL REFINERIES
These are situated in Assam, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Bihar. Reliance has set up an oil refinery in Jamnagar.